2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy
The surface morphology of raw and treated coir fiber was investigated using a scanning electron microscope.
The micrographs are shown and discussed in the following section.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Tensile Properties of Coir Fiber Coir fiber was characterized by evaluating the
effect of variation of span length on tensile properties.
The Young’s modulus, strain to failure and tensile strength were measured for span length of 5mm, 15mm, 25mm and 35 mm with the help of stress/ strain curves.
For both single stage treatment and double stage treatment, the corrected and
uncorrected curves (1/span vs.
the Young’s modulus, tensile strength and strain to failure) for the span length of 5 mm, 15 mm, 25 mm and 35 mm are shown in fig. 2 to 9 respectively,
while the same properties for raw, single stage (basic CrSO4 treated) and double stage basic CrSO4 and NaHCO3) chemically treated coir fiber are shown in tables 1 to 3 respectively.
The corrected Young’s modulus values are plotted against the span length and are shown in fig. 3 for single stage chemical treatment and in fig. 7 for double stage chemical treatment.
The corrected Young’s module values found were almost constant with variation of span length.
Fig. 5: strain to failure vs span length It seems that with an increase in span length, the Young’s modulus increased. On the other hand, the tensile strength and strain to failure decreased with an increase in span length [1].
As mentioned by Bledski and Gassan, the longer the stressed distance of the natural fiber, the more inhomogenities will be in the stressed fiber segment, weakening the
structure [2].
Thus the strength decreased with clamping length.
For the fiber modulus, however,the situation is reverse.
As no extensometer can be used in current set-up and machine displacement is
used for the modulus determination, at longer gauge lengths, the relative effect of slippage in the clamps will be smaller.
From tables 1 and 2, it is found that the single stage chemically treated coir fiber had improved properties compared to the raw coir fiber.
The Young’s modulus increased with inceasing span length and showed higher values compared to the raw coir fiber for respective span length.
It is found from tables 1 to 3 that the double stage treated coir fiber had better properties compared to the single stage treated and raw coir fibers.
After a total of 5 hours treatment, the corrected Young’s modulus of coir fiber was higher compared to the same of single stege treated coir fiber and was almost twice as much as the Young’s modulus of the raw fiber.
A thin coating layer was forrmed onthe fiber surface after single stage chemical reaction between basic CrSO4 and fiber.
Again after double stage chemical treatment, an even thicker coating was formed on the fiber surface due to chemical reaction between basic CrSO4 and NaHCO3 and fiber.
The chemical reactions between cellulose of coir fiber and basic CrSO4 and NaHCO3 are shown in fig. 10.
The stages of CrSO4 cross linking reactions are as follows:
a) The chrome complexes have reacted with the
fiber cellulose carboxyl groups.
b) As pH of the solution is increased, sulfate
associated with the chromium becomes displaced
by the hydroxyl groups.
c) The hydroxyl groups become shared by
chromium atoms.
The activity of chromium still remained incomplete after the single stage chemical treatment, as a result the tensile properties increased less over the raw
coir fiber.
However after the double stage treatment chromium became fully occupied in reducing
hydroxyl groups, which in turn increased the tensile properties of coir fiber compared to both raw and single stage treated coir fibers.
2.3 Scanning Electron MicroscopyThe surface morphology of raw and treated coir fiber was investigated using a scanning electron microscope.The micrographs are shown and discussed in the following section.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION4.1 Tensile Properties of Coir Fiber Coir fiber was characterized by evaluating theeffect of variation of span length on tensile properties.The Young’s modulus, strain to failure and tensile strength were measured for span length of 5mm, 15mm, 25mm and 35 mm with the help of stress/ strain curves.For both single stage treatment and double stage treatment, the corrected anduncorrected curves (1/span vs. the Young’s modulus, tensile strength and strain to failure) for the span length of 5 mm, 15 mm, 25 mm and 35 mm are shown in fig. 2 to 9 respectively, while the same properties for raw, single stage (basic CrSO4 treated) and double stage basic CrSO4 and NaHCO3) chemically treated coir fiber are shown in tables 1 to 3 respectively.The corrected Young’s modulus values are plotted against the span length and are shown in fig. 3 for single stage chemical treatment and in fig. 7 for double stage chemical treatment. The corrected Young’s module values found were almost constant with variation of span length.Fig. 5: strain to failure vs span length It seems that with an increase in span length, the Young’s modulus increased. On the other hand, the tensile strength and strain to failure decreased with an increase in span length [1].As mentioned by Bledski and Gassan, the longer the stressed distance of the natural fiber, the more inhomogenities will be in the stressed fiber segment, weakening thestructure [2].Thus the strength decreased with clamping length. For the fiber modulus, however,the situation is reverse. As no extensometer can be used in current set-up and machine displacement isused for the modulus determination, at longer gauge lengths, the relative effect of slippage in the clamps will be smaller.From tables 1 and 2, it is found that the single stage chemically treated coir fiber had improved properties compared to the raw coir fiber.The Young’s modulus increased with inceasing span length and showed higher values compared to the raw coir fiber for respective span length.It is found from tables 1 to 3 that the double stage treated coir fiber had better properties compared to the single stage treated and raw coir fibers.After a total of 5 hours treatment, the corrected Young’s modulus of coir fiber was higher compared to the same of single stege treated coir fiber and was almost twice as much as the Young’s modulus of the raw fiber. A thin coating layer was forrmed onthe fiber surface after single stage chemical reaction between basic CrSO4 and fiber.Again after double stage chemical treatment, an even thicker coating was formed on the fiber surface due to chemical reaction between basic CrSO4 and NaHCO3 and fiber.The chemical reactions between cellulose of coir fiber and basic CrSO4 and NaHCO3 are shown in fig. 10.
The stages of CrSO4 cross linking reactions are as follows:
a) The chrome complexes have reacted with the
fiber cellulose carboxyl groups.
b) As pH of the solution is increased, sulfate
associated with the chromium becomes displaced
by the hydroxyl groups.
c) The hydroxyl groups become shared by
chromium atoms.
The activity of chromium still remained incomplete after the single stage chemical treatment, as a result the tensile properties increased less over the raw
coir fiber.
However after the double stage treatment chromium became fully occupied in reducing
hydroxyl groups, which in turn increased the tensile properties of coir fiber compared to both raw and single stage treated coir fibers.
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