Participants gave written consent for their data to be used for
educational purposes and for future research. For the primary study, the eligible patients
were adults 18 years or older who spoke English, had a diagnosis of lung cancer, and
experienced at least one pain episode within the week prior to data collection. Patients who
scored 20 or less on a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) [21] were excluded. The
final total sample for our study was 107 lung cancer patients who had completed the study
instruments. The demographic characteristics of our sample appear in Table 1.
data from a National Institutes of Health