In addition, Yazici [11] studied properties of SCCs incorporating 30–60% Class C fly ash and the effect of 10%SF as cement replacement on SCC has also been investigated. It is concluded that FA replacement without SF caused a reduction in both early and ultimate compressive strength whereas, 10% replacement of SF positively affected compressive strength at all FA content and at all ages. Moreover, Shannag [12] investigated the properties of structural lightweight concrete using FA and SF as partial cement replacement. It is found that the compressive strength of lightweight concrete containing FA and SF (ternary blended cement) is higher than lightweight concrete containing only FA (binary blended cement).Curing of concrete is very essential for its strength gain and durability by keeping concrete moisture to allow the hydration of cement. Curing becomes even more important for cement or concrete containing pozzolanic or supplementary cementing materials, such as FA, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), or SF. Thus, the use of suitable curing method can improve strength and properties of blended cement at early age.Drying shrinkage is the volume change due to water loss in a specimen which is exposed to dry environment by evaporation.The rate of evaporation depends on the relative humidity, temperature, water–cement ratio, size and shape of the specimen [13].The first water to be lost is that free water held in the large capillary pores (>50 nm) of specimen. The loss of this water does not cause significant volume change. However, as drying continues, loss of adsorbed water from small capillary pores (<50 nm) and later gel pores take place [14]. With the reduction in the pressure in the capillary pores, tensile stress in the residual water increases.Tensile stresses in the capillary water are balanced by compressive stresses in the surrounding specimen and as a result the specimen shrinks. Evaporation of gel water changes the surface energy of the solid phase and causes further shrinkage. However, if the environment is wet or moist, the flow of moist will be spread from the environment to the specimen, the result being a volume increaseor swelling. Drying shrinkage is a major reason for the deterioration of concrete structure and it is interested to discuss. If drying shrinkage is restrained, tensile stresses within the concrete will be developed and cracking will often occurs. The use of mineral admixture in blended cement will change the pore structure. The change in pore structure of capillaries induces a change in drying shrinkage. Especially, the blended cement with SF, the drying shrinkage has been increased due to pore refinement by SF filling effect and high pozzolanic reaction [15].Bottom ash (BA) is a by-product of thermoelectric power plants as well as FA but it has not been widely used as a cement replacement due to it has a large particle size and porous structure. However, BA can be used to replace part of cement by reducing the particle size [16,17]. Wongkeo et al. [18] studied the characterization and compressive strength of Portland-bottom ash-silica fume cement pastes using ground bottom ash as a cement replacement.It was found that the 28 days compressive strength of cement paste containing BA and SF is higher than cement paste without SF. Therefore, in this research, an experimental program is focused on the effect of the using FA, BA and SF in the binary, ternary and quaternary blended cement on the compressive strength and drying shrinkage of multi-blended cement mortars. Moreover, the effect of curing method on the compressive strength and drying shrinkage of multi-blended cement mortars was investigated.2. Experimental details2.1. MaterialsOrdinary Portland cement type I (PC) was used in this study. Fly ash (FA) and ground bottom ash (BA) obtained from Mae Moh power plant in Lampang, Thailand and undensified silica fume (SF) grade 920-U produced by Elkem were used in partial replacement of cement by weight in different compositions. Table 1 summarizes chemical compositions and physical properties of PC, FA, BA and SF powder. River sand with specific gravity of 2.65 and maximum size of 4.75 mm was used in the fine aggregate of mortar. The sieve size distributions (also showing lower and upper bounds) of fine aggregate tested in accordance with ASTM C 33-02 [19] are shown in Fig. 1. Surface moisture content of fine aggregate tested in accordance with ASTM C 70-97 [20] is 8%. Napthalene based superplasticizer from Sika (Thailand) Limited was used in this study.2.2. Samples preparation and test methodsIn this study, FA, BA and SF were used to replace part of PC up to 50% by weight. The replacement levels of FA were 30%, 40%, 45% and 50% while those of BA were 10%, 15% and 20% by weight of binder.SF was used to replace PC at 5% and 10% by w
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