This was a four-group nonrandomized open clinical trial that compared CAUTI rates by the use of perineal care agents including soap-and-water, skin cleansing foam (Menalind), 10% povidone-iodine, and normal saline among patients in ICU prior to agent use (base- line, 0 week), and at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks (Figure 1). The endpoint was CAUTI, evidence as asymptomatic bacteriuria. Perineal care (intervention) was provided with the agents allocated to each ICU immediately before the catheter was inserted and once a day beginning the following day. The con- founding variables were age, use of antibiotics, fecal incontinence, consciousness level, fever and diabetes (Gould et al., 2010; Tsuchida et al., 2008).