Self-efficacy, optimism, and self-regulation were also assessed in both studies, and again
the findings are divergent. Optimism significantly and positively predicted extension and
motivation in Study 1, but only predicted control in Study 2, although there was evidence in
Study 2 that optimism may be operating through self-efficacy to predict extension and
motivation. In Study 1, self-efficacy negatively predicted motivation, whereas in Study 2
efficacy predicted both extension and motivation positively. These differences are especially
curious, given the change in direction of the relations. Future research should explore these
differences in further detail. Finally, self-regulation significantly and positively predicted
motivation in Study 1 and control in Study 2.