Bittelli et al. [54] suggested that chitosan might be an effective anti-transpiring to preserve water resources use in agriculture. In their investigation, they examined the potential of foliar applications of chitosan on pepper plants transpiration in the growth room and in the field. In both experiments, the authors monitored plant water use directly and indirectly. The plant biomass and yield were determined to calculate biomass-to-water ratios and the differences in canopy resistance between control and chitosan-treated plants were analyzed. Using scanning electron microscopy and histochemical analyses, stomata were shown to close in response to treatment with chitosan, resulting in a decrease in transpiration. Reduced water use of pepper plants upon treatment with chitosan was estimated at 26–43%, while there was no change in biomass production or yield [54]