Bread volume was determined using a laser sensor, with the
BVM-L 370 volume analyser (TexVol Instruments, Viken, Sweden).
Weight loss was measured as the difference between the weight of
the dough moulded and the weight of the bread after baking.
Measurements were performed in triplicate.
Crumb texture was determined by a TA-XT2 texture analyser
(Stable Microsystems, Surrey, UK) supplied with the “Texture
Expert” Software. A 25-mm diameter cylindrical aluminium probe
was used in a “Texture Profile Analysis” (TPA) double compression
test designed to penetrate to a depth of 50% at a test speed of 2 mm/
s and with a 30 s delay between first and second compressions.
Texture measurements were performed on 30 mm thick slices at
18 h after baking. Analyses were performed on two slices from
three breads for each type of elaboration.