Transformations and heat maps showing how face shape is affected by (A) RIP-A and (B) RIP-S.
The top row of each panel shows the shape transformations three standard deviations below and above the mean of the RIPs in this sample. The second row shows the R2(proportion of the total variation in each quasi-landmark) and the three primary facial shape change parameters: area ratio, curvature difference, and normal displacement. The bottom row shows in yellow the regions of the face that are statistically significantly different (p