human beings from our earliest beginnings have search for solutions to
0:08basic problems
0:09building homes measuring space keeping track two seasons and talking about
0:13yours
0:14over 30,000 years ago for the Paleolithic people kept track the
0:18passing seasons and the changes the weather for planting
0:22to represent the passing of time the cock tally marks on cave walls
0:26were slashed tallies on bones Waterstone
0:29each tally stood for one's the but this system was awkward when it came to large
0:34amounts
0:34so symbols were eventually created that's different groups about objects
0:38soon marry in clay stones have been found the day to the 4th millennium BC
0:43a small Claycomb was used for one
0:46play ball was used for 10 and a large coke and stood for sixty
0:50and written records from around 3300 BC each other babylonians inscribed amounts
0:56on clay tablets with the renewed
0:58the used in nail shape for one's enemy on its side for tens
1:02combining the symbols to write other numbers for example
1:06babylonians wrote the number nineteen as the engine Egyptians used objects from
1:12their everyday life assembles
1:13Rod Stewart for one cattle hubbell was 10 recoil Drogba's 100
1:18a lotus flower was a thousand someone like the number nineteen was a cattle
1:23hobble
1:23and nine runs I'll the early Romans created the number system that we still
1:28see today
1:29along with other symbols they used in expert and then I for one thing
1:34by the Middle Ages Romans were putting the eye to the right to the text for 11
1:38into the left front nine so the road nineteen as
1:41excise tax if he's created number system showed groups have objects
1:46as well as individual objects some the oldest human counting systems rely on
1:51fingers and toes
1:52so they were based on one's fives tens and twenties
1:56Zulu word for six means to take the farm
1:59the right-handed meaning that all the fingers on the left hand had been added
2:03up
2:04and the other thumb was needed of other systems evolve from Converse
2:08the Aruba in Nigeria used Camry shells as currency
2:11and developed an amazing with complex number system
2:15it was based on 20's and on the operations of multiplication subtraction
2:19and addition for example they thought a 45 as three times twenty
2:24-10 %uh -5 knots tied in cords and strings were used for recording amounts
2:30by many cultures
2:31like the Persians the lincoln's used a more refined version called a keeper who
2:35a fic court held horizontally from which hung knotted string
2:40the kind not the Ian Kinsler used along with the link can cover up the court
2:43represented ones tens and hundreds
2:45in today's world almost every industrial culture uses the numerals 0 through 9
2:50with the symbols were invented until the 3rd century BCE Inc India
2:54and it took another eight hundred years for the idea of 0 with place value to be
2:59constructed
3:00this big idea dramatically change the face and mathematics
3:03home we humans have always shared with one another
3:06went early culture share their food and water more want to divide their land in
3:11ways that were fair and equal
3:12fractions gradually emerged a simple students they're here
3:16situation the ancient Egyptians used
3:19unit fractions fractions where the numerator is one like 1/2 1/3 and
3:24one-fifth
3:24and would Adam have these fractions if they wanted to divide three loaves of
3:29bread equally among five family members
3:31but first divide the first and second lows in the first
3:35then they divide the third love in the fridge
3:38finally they take the remaining one-third from the second loaf
3:42and divide batter into five pieces they wrote this as
3:47one-third one-fifth 1 15th today we would represent the sharing with the
3:52fractions three-fifths
3:54three-fifths up a loaf for each person or three loads divided by five people
3:59the seminarians an early babylonians invented the number system the fractions
4:03based on sixty that we see reviews
4:05four thousand years later our days have sixty minute hours
4:09and 62nd minute and our circles encompass 360 degrees
4:13Chinese societies used in advocates for the system based on 10th
4:18although had no 0 an early form a decimal fractions came from the abacus
4:23for example three-fifths would be six out of 10 min abacus
4:27the Chinese lovingly named the numerator some
4:31and the denominator the mother it wasn't until the 12th century that common
4:36fractions with the bar notation that we use today were invented
4:39even then these fractions weren't widely used until the Renaissance period
4:43only five hundred years ago throughout history
4:46every culture around the globe has created inventive ways to calculate
4:50to solve a problem say 12 times fifteen
4:53early Russian presence used a system doubling and halving
4:59when a heart number have resulted in a fraction
5:02then rounded down urged
5:06then they have the factors associated with the are multiplied
5:11shield
5:14ancient Egyptians relied on a Dublin procedure until they produced enough
5:17group
5:18keep then they have these groups to find the answer
5:24across Europe and Asia during the Middle Ages
5:33the abacus was the hand-held calculator at it today but only very few people
5:37knew how to use it
5:38using the wealthy merchants and moneylenders by simply moving reads the
5:42beach at places like you
5:43abacus was a highly efficient way to compute them the great Arab
5:47mathematician out for his knee
5:49introduce the Hindu Arabic numerals ILU from 19 to North America and Europe
5:53and created new procedures for computation these algorithms could be
5:58written out to p for
5:59over the centuries learning the algorithms became the hallmark of an
6:03education
6:04students were taught to compute long columns %uh figures borrow in Cary
6:08and do long division efficiently and reliably they could not keep records at
6:12these procedures
6:13and check results today complex calculations are done with the hand-held
6:18calculator
6:19this mean students need the ability to check to reasonableness
6:22cancer tend to have a rich repertoire mental math strategies to do that
6:26most simply computations like 1215 can be solved mentally using a variety of
6:32strategies
6:33dished
6:37just days we do need to the rich and vibrant history of mathematics
6:47we can see how ideas and creations grew out of our very human need to solve the
6:51problems in our everyday lives
6:53through time the mathematical explorations that men and women from
6:57around the globe
6:58have given us fascinating lenses that help us to mathematically view
7:02make sense of our world