This project of “Health promotion for rural community seniors led by nurses” was supported by the Bureau of Health, Chiayi County. The aging population in this area is 15.6–21%, the highest in the nation (MOI, 2012). A prospective quasi-experimental design was carried out from March 1 to October 31, 2011. All participants were recruited and invited by district public health nurses (PHNs) from 6 rural villages, 4 near the western coastal side and 2 closer inland towards Central Taiwan. The selection criteria were: (1) N65 years, (2) ability to communicate in Taiwanese and Mandarin, and (3) willingness to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria were: (1) serious health status and mental problems, e.g. unstable cardiovascular disease,
glycemic control, Parkinson's disease and dementia, (2) inability to express themselves precisely, and (3) inability to walk to the community activity center. Each participant's health status was subjectively screened and assessed by the PHNs.