In 1990s production of l-malic acid from fumaric acid
using Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was extensively studied.
Figueiredo and Carvalho [18] have shown that entrapped
Saccharomyces cerevisiae into polyacrylamide gel discs can
produce malic acid form fumaric acid without formation of
by-product. Peleg et al. [19] amplified the yeast S. cerevisiae
for fumarase by cloning the fumarase gene of the same strain
into an expression vector. Afterward Neufeld et al. [10] studied
the kinetics of the bioconversion with this free and immobilized
transformed strain and achieved a very high conversion of
fumaric to l-malic acid without succinic acid formation.