Salisbury indicated that learning information, including facts, names, labels, or paired associations, is often a perquisite to efficiently performing a more complex, higher level skill (Salisbury,
1998). For example, the names and abbreviations of chemical elements and their atomic weights
must be thoroughly learned to comprehend scientific writings or chemical formulae. That is,
relationships exist that indicate the effect of learning one concept on the learning of other concepts. Such relationships are called ‘‘concept effect relationships’’, and the following discussion
presents such conceptual maps diagrammatically as ‘‘concept effect graphs’’.