Cardiac self-efficacy was measured by Cardiac Self-Efficacy Scale (Sullivan, LaCroix, Russo, & Katon, 1998). This instrument was developed to measure self-efficacy associated with heart disease. It was a 16-item scale with 2 sub-dimensions including the control of symptoms (8 items) and the maintenance of function (5 items), and an additional 3 items mea-suring obesity, smoking and dietary habit only for applicable subjects. Items were scored on a Likert scale ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). In this study, the scoring was conducted with the sum of items except for the 3 specific items (obesity, smoking, and dietary habit). Scores ranged from 0 to 52 with higher score indicating a greater level of cardiac self-efficacy. In the previous study,Cronbach’s alpha of the Cardiac Self Efficacy Scale was .87–.90 (Sullivan et al.). In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha was .80.