obtained post-test data in 15 minutes and on one occasion in 30 minutes as a result of schedule conflicts;
2) address whether patients request fewer breakthrough pain medications after music therapy;
3) find out whether successive interventions have a cumulative pain-lowering effect;
4) examine whether a therapist-created recording of an intervention has the same pain-lowering effect if
the patient listens to it after a live session with the same therapist;
and 5) address whether pain is lowered in control group patients who later receive music therapy.