Chronic disease self-management and exercise
in COPD as pulmonary rehabilitation:
a randomized controlled trial
This article was published in the following Dove Press journal:
International Journal of COPD
19 May 2014
Number of times this article has been viewed
Helen L Cameron-Tucker1
Richard Wood-Baker1
Christine Owen2
Lyn Joseph3
E Haydn Walters1
1
Chronic Respiratory Disease and
Lung Aging, School of Medicine,
University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS,
Australia; 2Faculty of Education,
University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS,
Australia; 3Department of Respiratory
Medicine, Royal Hobart Hospital,
Hobart, TAS, Australia
Correspondence: Helen L Cameron-
Tucker
School of Medicine, University of Tasmania,
Medical Science 1 Building, Private Bag 23,
Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
Tel 61 3 6226 4893
Fax 61 3 6226 7704
Email cameronh@utas.edu.au
Purpose: Both exercise and self-management are advocated in pulmonary rehabilitation for
people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The widely used 6-week, group-
based Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP) increases self-reported exercise,
despite supervised exercise not being a program component. This has been little explored in
COPD. Whether adding supervised exercise to the CDSMP would add benefit is unknown. We
investigated the CDSMP in COPD, with and without a formal supervised exercise component,
to address this question.
Patients and methods: Adult outpatients with COPD were randomized to the CDSMP
with or without one hour of weekly supervised exercise over 6 weeks. The primary outcome
measure was 6-minute walk test distance (6MWD). Secondary outcomes included self-reported
exercise, exercise stage of change, exercise self-efficacy, breathlessness, quality of life, and
self-management behaviors. Within- and between-group differences were analyzed on an
intention-to-treat basis.
Results: Of 84 subjects recruited, 15 withdrew. 6MWD increased similarly in both groups:
CDSMP-plus-exercise (intervention group) by 18.646.2 m; CDSMP-alone (control group) by
20.046.2 m. There was no significant difference for any secondary outcome.
Conclusion: The CDSMP produced à small statistically significant increase in 6MWD. The
addition of a single supervised exercise session did not further increase exercise capacity. Our
findings confirm the efficacy of a behaviorally based intervention in COPD, but this would seem
to be less than expected from conventional exercise-based pulmonary rehabilitation, raising the
question of how, if at all, the small gains observed in this study may be augmented.
Keywords: supervised exercise, physical capacity, 6-minute walk distance
Introduction
Developing self-management skills is now seen as a standard component of pulmonary
rehabilitation (PR) programs.1–3 Indeed, PR is considered an integral component of
managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive disabling
respiratory and systemic condition.4 Guidelines also recommend that PR should include
a detailed assessment, exercise, education, and psychosocial support.1,2
Exercise in PR has demonstrated improvements in physical capacity, health-
related quality of life, dyspnea, and fatigue.5 Recommendations have stipulated at
least three exercise sessions weekly, two of which are to be preferably supervised.6
However, the supporting evidence for this degree of supervised exercise is limited7
and was subsequently contradicted by others who provided only once-weekly exercise
supervision.8–11 These later studies question the conventionally recommended degree
submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
© 2014 Cameron-Tucker et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0)
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S58478
how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress.com/permissions.php
Cameron-Tucker et al
of exercise supervision. The frequency of supervised exer-
cise sessions has relevance to our study. As we will explain
in the Materials and methods section, our intervention was
once-weekly supervised exercise added to a self-management
program, which we offered as a combined PR approach.
Condition-specific education in PR has traditionally been
delivered in a didactic format and has not demonstrated addi-
tional benefit in terms of physical or exercise capacity.2,12–14
Consequently, exercise, not education, has become the
cornerstone of PR. However, the benefits of the traditional
format for PR, especially on physical capacity and exercise
behavior, wane over time.15,16 This has led to an emphasis on
behavioral strategies in PR as a potential means of maintain-
ing the acute gains,3,16 but this is little tested.
Indeed, self-management interventions, underpinned by
health psychology principles, have been seen as an alter-
native to the conventional PR approach. Such programs
are seen particularly as strategies for improving health
behaviors, such as regular exercise, and integrating them
into daily life. Chronic disease self-management is defined
as a process that facilitates an individual’s confidence and
capability to engage in health-promoting behaviors in order
to deal with the impact of their condition on all aspects of
their health – namely, a sense of self, physical, emotional,
social, and medical domains so as to maximize function
and quality of life.17,18 Self-management education or train-
ing is recognized as needing to be interactive, to facilitate
not only the acquisition of health behavior knowledge but
its implementation, by fostering the self-management skills
Dovepress
of collaborative goal-setting with associated action plans,
problem solving, and decision-making.13 However, with the
exception of increased uptake of a symptom-based action
plan to manage COPD exacerbations (ie, self-management
of symptoms),19 and some decrease in hospitalization rates,20
the evidence for the efficacy of holistic COPD-specific self-
management approaches, while popular and continuing to
increase in practice, has been limited.20–25
However, in more general chronic disease situations,
statistically sustained significant improvements in health
care utilization, health status, and health behaviors such as
self-reported exercise have been reported for participants who
attended the Stanford Chronic Disease Self-Management
Program (CDSMP).26 The CDSMP, either provided at a
medical center or community-based, is a generic, 6-week,
group-based self-management education approach led by two
trained leaders.26 Such benefits were subsequently supported
in a review of self-management approaches27 and have been
widely implemented, as indeed is the case in our institution.
The CDSMP includes educational information delivered in a
lecturette style and supplemented by a companion book. The
topics cover generic health information, the basis of which
is comparable to that relating to health behaviors in conven-
tional PR (Table 1). Some condition-specific information is
included in the companion book. The interactive format of
the CDSMP deliberately fosters self-efficacy (“confidence”)
to manage one’s health condition through mastery (practic-
ing skills through setting action plans), vicarious experi-
ences (role modelling and peer support), social persuasion
Table 1 Comparison of program content
CDSMP program content PR program content (Team member delivering the
lecture)
Condition-specific information in the companion book Heart and lungs: structure and function in relation to chronic
heart and lung conditions (physiotherapist)
Symptom management: shortness of breath, breathing exercises
Muscle relaxation
Endurance exercise (discussion)
Cognitive symptom management
Symptom management: anger, fear, frustration, depression,
fatigue, pain
Monitoring and responding to symptoms: relaxation, breathing
exercises, managing breathlessness
Beginning an exercise program (physiotherapist)
Living with heart and lung conditions: emotional and social impact,
communication (social worker)
Communication skills
Advance directives for health care
Working with and informing the health care team
Medication usage: generic advice, specific information in companion book Medications and delivery devices: condition-specific (pharmacist)
Healthy eating Nutrition (dietician)
Specific suggestions in the companion book Activity modification (occupational therapist)
How to set action plans and problem solve Not formally addressed
Notes: 1) The CDSMP course content is presented in comparison with PR and not as the content of the six individual CDSMP sessions. PR is shown as presented in the six sessions
with the presenting health professional at our center. 2) Supervised exercise preceded the educational component of PR. The CDSMP has no supervised exercise component.
Abbreviations: CDSMP, Chronic Disease Self-Management Program; PR, pulmonary rehabilitation.
514
submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
Dovepress
International Journal of COPD 2014:9
Dovepress
(encouragement via guided feedback), and reinterpretation of
symptoms (exploring different explanations of symptoms).28
Unlike PR, the CDSMP is not designed to include supervised
exercise, yet has been reported to increase self-reported
exercise26,29 and decrease dyspnea.29 Any added benefit of
formally adding supervised exercise to the CDSMP has not
been reported, especially in COPD.
Thus, with an increasing worldwide focus on
self-management of chronic conditions, the opinion of hos-
pital management at our institution was that the rehabilitation
needs of the target population might be most effectively met
through the CDSMP rather than conventional PR. A small
pilot of the CDSMP for people with COPD compared with
our traditional PR30 found that the CDSMP alone improved
physical capacity by 30 m, measured by the 6-minute walk
distance (6MWD).31 However, with supervised ex
Chronic disease self-management and exercisein COPD as pulmonary rehabilitation:a randomized controlled trialThis article was published in the following Dove Press journal:International Journal of COPD19 May 2014Number of times this article has been viewed Helen L Cameron-Tucker1Richard Wood-Baker1Christine Owen2Lyn Joseph3E Haydn Walters11Chronic Respiratory Disease andLung Aging, School of Medicine,University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS,Australia; 2Faculty of Education,University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS,Australia; 3Department of RespiratoryMedicine, Royal Hobart Hospital,Hobart, TAS, AustraliaCorrespondence: Helen L Cameron-TuckerSchool of Medicine, University of Tasmania,Medical Science 1 Building, Private Bag 23,Hobart, TAS 7000, AustraliaTel 61 3 6226 4893Fax 61 3 6226 7704Email cameronh@utas.edu.au Purpose: Both exercise and self-management are advocated in pulmonary rehabilitation forpeople with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The widely used 6-week, group-based Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP) increases self-reported exercise,despite supervised exercise not being a program component. This has been little explored inCOPD. Whether adding supervised exercise to the CDSMP would add benefit is unknown. Weinvestigated the CDSMP in COPD, with and without a formal supervised exercise component,to address this question.Patients and methods: Adult outpatients with COPD were randomized to the CDSMPwith or without one hour of weekly supervised exercise over 6 weeks. The primary outcomemeasure was 6-minute walk test distance (6MWD). Secondary outcomes included self-reportedexercise, exercise stage of change, exercise self-efficacy, breathlessness, quality of life, andself-management behaviors. Within- and between-group differences were analyzed on anintention-to-treat basis.Results: Of 84 subjects recruited, 15 withdrew. 6MWD increased similarly in both groups:CDSMP-plus-exercise (intervention group) by 18.646.2 m; CDSMP-alone (control group) by20.046.2 m. There was no significant difference for any secondary outcome.Conclusion: The CDSMP produced à small statistically significant increase in 6MWD. Theaddition of a single supervised exercise session did not further increase exercise capacity. Ourfindings confirm the efficacy of a behaviorally based intervention in COPD, but this would seemto be less than expected from conventional exercise-based pulmonary rehabilitation, raising thequestion of how, if at all, the small gains observed in this study may be augmented.Keywords: supervised exercise, physical capacity, 6-minute walk distanceIntroductionDeveloping self-management skills is now seen as a standard component of pulmonaryrehabilitation (PR) programs.1–3 Indeed, PR is considered an integral component ofmanaging chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive disablingrespiratory and systemic condition.4 Guidelines also recommend that PR should includea detailed assessment, exercise, education, and psychosocial support.1,2Exercise in PR has demonstrated improvements in physical capacity, health-related quality of life, dyspnea, and fatigue.5 Recommendations have stipulated atleast three exercise sessions weekly, two of which are to be preferably supervised.6However, the supporting evidence for this degree of supervised exercise is limited7and was subsequently contradicted by others who provided only once-weekly exercisesupervision.8–11 These later studies question the conventionally recommended degree submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com© 2014 Cameron-Tucker et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0)http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S58478how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress.com/permissions.php Cameron-Tucker et alof exercise supervision. The frequency of supervised exer-cise sessions has relevance to our study. As we will explainin the Materials and methods section, our intervention wasonce-weekly supervised exercise added to a self-managementprogram, which we offered as a combined PR approach.Condition-specific education in PR has traditionally beendelivered in a didactic format and has not demonstrated addi-tional benefit in terms of physical or exercise capacity.2,12–14Consequently, exercise, not education, has become thecornerstone of PR. However, the benefits of the traditionalformat for PR, especially on physical capacity and exercisebehavior, wane over time.15,16 This has led to an emphasis onbehavioral strategies in PR as a potential means of maintain-ing the acute gains,3,16 but this is little tested.Indeed, self-management interventions, underpinned byhealth psychology principles, have been seen as an alter-native to the conventional PR approach. Such programsare seen particularly as strategies for improving healthbehaviors, such as regular exercise, and integrating theminto daily life. Chronic disease self-management is definedas a process that facilitates an individual’s confidence andcapability to engage in health-promoting behaviors in orderto deal with the impact of their condition on all aspects oftheir health – namely, a sense of self, physical, emotional,social, and medical domains so as to maximize functionand quality of life.17,18 Self-management education or train-ing is recognized as needing to be interactive, to facilitatenot only the acquisition of health behavior knowledge butits implementation, by fostering the self-management skills Dovepressof collaborative goal-setting with associated action plans,problem solving, and decision-making.13 However, with theexception of increased uptake of a symptom-based actionplan to manage COPD exacerbations (ie, self-managementof symptoms),19 and some decrease in hospitalization rates,20the evidence for the efficacy of holistic COPD-specific self-management approaches, while popular and continuing toincrease in practice, has been limited.20–25However, in more general chronic disease situations,statistically sustained significant improvements in healthcare utilization, health status, and health behaviors such asself-reported exercise have been reported for participants whoattended the Stanford Chronic Disease Self-ManagementProgram (CDSMP).26 The CDSMP, either provided at amedical center or community-based, is a generic, 6-week,group-based self-management education approach led by twotrained leaders.26 Such benefits were subsequently supportedin a review of self-management approaches27 and have beenwidely implemented, as indeed is the case in our institution.The CDSMP includes educational information delivered in alecturette style and supplemented by a companion book. Thetopics cover generic health information, the basis of whichis comparable to that relating to health behaviors in conven-tional PR (Table 1). Some condition-specific information isincluded in the companion book. The interactive format ofthe CDSMP deliberately fosters self-efficacy (“confidence”)to manage one’s health condition through mastery (practic-ing skills through setting action plans), vicarious experi-
ences (role modelling and peer support), social persuasion
Table 1 Comparison of program content
CDSMP program content PR program content (Team member delivering the
lecture)
Condition-specific information in the companion book Heart and lungs: structure and function in relation to chronic
heart and lung conditions (physiotherapist)
Symptom management: shortness of breath, breathing exercises
Muscle relaxation
Endurance exercise (discussion)
Cognitive symptom management
Symptom management: anger, fear, frustration, depression,
fatigue, pain
Monitoring and responding to symptoms: relaxation, breathing
exercises, managing breathlessness
Beginning an exercise program (physiotherapist)
Living with heart and lung conditions: emotional and social impact,
communication (social worker)
Communication skills
Advance directives for health care
Working with and informing the health care team
Medication usage: generic advice, specific information in companion book Medications and delivery devices: condition-specific (pharmacist)
Healthy eating Nutrition (dietician)
Specific suggestions in the companion book Activity modification (occupational therapist)
How to set action plans and problem solve Not formally addressed
Notes: 1) The CDSMP course content is presented in comparison with PR and not as the content of the six individual CDSMP sessions. PR is shown as presented in the six sessions
with the presenting health professional at our center. 2) Supervised exercise preceded the educational component of PR. The CDSMP has no supervised exercise component.
Abbreviations: CDSMP, Chronic Disease Self-Management Program; PR, pulmonary rehabilitation.
514
submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
Dovepress
International Journal of COPD 2014:9
Dovepress
(encouragement via guided feedback), and reinterpretation of
symptoms (exploring different explanations of symptoms).28
Unlike PR, the CDSMP is not designed to include supervised
exercise, yet has been reported to increase self-reported
exercise26,29 and decrease dyspnea.29 Any added benefit of
formally adding supervised exercise to the CDSMP has not
been reported, especially in COPD.
Thus, with an increasing worldwide focus on
self-management of chronic conditions, the opinion of hos-
pital management at our institution was that the rehabilitation
needs of the target population might be most effectively met
through the CDSMP rather than conventional PR. A small
pilot of the CDSMP for people with COPD compared with
our traditional PR30 found that the CDSMP alone improved
physical capacity by 30 m, measured by the 6-minute walk
distance (6MWD).31 However, with supervised ex
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