It must be acknowledged that the findings of this study arepreliminary. Some of the differences between the groups were not consistent such as the lack of difference for Sahrmann testscores between the yearly and monthly groups. There are seve ralpotential causes for these inconsistencies that should be considered by practitioners intending to apply the results of the study.The small sample sizes for each group may have contributed tothis as the study was powered for ultrasound measurements notthe Sahrmann test. However, there were also discrepancies in thefindings for this variable with resting TrA thickness highest in theyearly group but this may have been due to the higher proportionof males and the highest training volume in this group, despite the absence of a significant difference between the groups for the sevariables. Plausibly a limitation may have been due to the relianceon the questionnaire for recall of ETAP. The accuracy of ETAP recallover a year can be questioned, as previous research into physical activity recall over 12 months has observed only acceptablevalidity,and this would subsequently have affected group allocation. Other limitations for the current study in addition to therelatively small sample sizes for each group include an elementof nonhomogeneity within and between the groups in regard toage, training volume, type of usual running activity performed and potentially athlete level which may all be factors that affect both TrA thickness or frequency of ETAP.