One of the goals of IPM is to reduce the risk or vulnerability in net economic return However, growers in
Northern India view using IPM to manage pests for crops grown in the rainy season and late winter as risky, and thus rely on a pesticide-based approach for pest management. The present study, which included direct participation by farmers on their own land, focused on use of available tactics to develop a comprehensive IPM strategy for cauliflower cultivated in late winter in Northern India. We compared a comprehensive IPM program and the conventional farmers' approach based entirely on pesticides (non-IPM approach) to manage insect pests and diseases of cauliflower in growers' fields, by measuring the number of insects and incidence of diseases, as well as the economic costs and returns of the two
approaches.