brands in China. In cases where they were not sure about the origin of a brand, they obtained ad- ditional information from business directories, company publications, and the Internet. Each of them independently coded over 300 brands across the eight product categories. The degree of agreement between them was 98.2 percent, indicating high inter-coder reliability. Based on additional information, they resolved the differences between them regarding the origins of a few brands. For durable goods, the choices of foreign vs. domestic brands are based on the actual ownership of these products among consumers. For nondurable goods that are purchased more frequently, consumers may purchase different brands over a specific period. The research