Consider Calais. Millions have been spent on more border security, yet the result has been only more desperation and riskier entry attempts among the Afghans, Syrians or Eritreans there. Or consider the Spanish-Moroccan and Greek-Turkish borders, where tough cross-border policing and tall fences have shifted routes towards riskier maritime crossings. Or look at Libya, where the $200 million (Dh734.6 million)-a-year “Friendship Treaty” with Italy, signed in 2009, smoothed the way for pushbacks, detentions and expulsions, resulting in rerouted flows towards Greece.