the simulation results show that the ECMS allows one to achieve a reduction of engine fuel consumption (up to 1.5%), while maintaining nominally charge sustaining operation for various load current scenarios. On the other hand, the ECMS leads to a 100-300% increase in the overall utilization of the battery, compared to the baseline controller, which may impact the durability. Exploring the effects of increased battery usage on aging will be addressed in future work.
The current work is extending the controller to an adaptive scheme, where the equivalence factors are periodically
updated based on the state of the system. Finally, the proposed control strategy, in its adaptive form, will be implemented in a Rapid-Prototyping ECU and tested on a vehicle