Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA), defined as antibiotic use by individuals to treat symptoms/diseases without professional advice or prescription, is a serious global health problem. Studies on SMA in different countries involved mostly self-reported surveys; thus the true frequency of SMA practice is uncertain. The reported estimates of SMA frequencies in the general population are 3%e19% in developed countries and 9%e100% in developing countries, with consequences of masking symptoms, treatment failure, drug resistance, and adverse drug events (ADEs) including death