(2) test primers designed in our laboratory and some previously published primers on a wide range of insects to determine if amplification of the target fragment could be obtained. The primers for the amplification of the two ribosomal RNA gene (16s and 12s rRNA) fragments are universal for insects and related groups; the primers for NADH5 and NADH4 dehydrogenase gene
fragments and cytochrome c oxidase I gene fragment are applicable broadly