relevance in practice as it relates approximately to the treatment of foodstuffs with microwaves.
This is because most foodstuffs have a relatively high effective loss factor εe″, which results in a
rapidly decaying electric field and justifying the assumption made above which is inherent in the
derivation of eqn.[5] Whether a finite slab or a semi-finite slab is considered, the electric field has
decayed to a very small value within a very short distance of the air/dielectric interface.
Finite slab: Unless the dielectric properties of the processed material are very high, the
assumptions made in the previous paragraph do not hold for a finite slab and the electric field is
given by the general solution of eqn. 3:
Ez=Re {[Ae-γy
+ Be+γy
]ejωt
} [6]
where A and B are constants that fit the appropriate boundary conditions. It is not justifiable now
to set B = O in this case because the slab has medium to low loss factor value and the second
term may be of the same order as the first term in eqn.[6]. The electric field in this case does not
decay exponentially and more elaborate solutions ought to be found when y is set equal to the
slab width.
Heating in the standing wave electric field: The analysis of the semi-infinite slab has been
applied to a dielectric material placed inside a multimode oven applicator for approximate
calculations of the electric field and other parameters. This is justified only if the dielectric loss
factor is fairly high, as is the case with most foodstuffs, resulting in a rapidly decaying field. With a
medium to low loss dielectric the electric field no longer decays exponentially and more rigorous
methods of calculation should be deployed.
Power dissipation within the dielectric
It is often required to estimate the amount of power that can safely be dissipated in a dielectric
given that the effective loss factor is known. This can be obtained from considering the Poynting
vector EXH, which leads to the following expression for the power dissipated per unit volume2
:
Pv=(1/2)[σ+ωεοε”)|Ez|
2
=(1/2)σe|Ez|
2 [7]
where ω = 2πf, with f being the applied frequency in Hz, σe the effective dielectric conductivity and
Ez being given by the appropriate expressions above. The total power dissipated P in a volume V
is obtained by integration, therefore
P = ∫VpvdV [8]
In a multimode cavity applicator fitted with distributed energy sources and mode stirrers, the
electric field may be assumed to have been randomised to an approximately constant value,
resulting in a volumetric power density pv=σ eERMS
2
, where ERMS is the RMS value of the electric
field established in the processing zone. For example, for a power dissipation of 107
W/m3
and
εe″ = 0.1, the required electric field at 2450 MHz is 27 kV/m.
The effective loss factor varies as a function of the moisture content and temperature.
Such data, typically shown in Fig. 3, are very useful when assessing the type of applicator and
frequency of operation for drying or for other heating applications. For example, the response at a
frequency of 27.12 MHz is more suitable for moisture levelling than that at 2450 MHz, while the
εe″ against T response, typically of a high-temperature ceramic material, shows that there is a
high probability of thermal runaway above some critical temperature Tc.
relevance in practice as it relates approximately to the treatment of foodstuffs with microwaves.
This is because most foodstuffs have a relatively high effective loss factor εe″, which results in a
rapidly decaying electric field and justifying the assumption made above which is inherent in the
derivation of eqn.[5] Whether a finite slab or a semi-finite slab is considered, the electric field has
decayed to a very small value within a very short distance of the air/dielectric interface.
Finite slab: Unless the dielectric properties of the processed material are very high, the
assumptions made in the previous paragraph do not hold for a finite slab and the electric field is
given by the general solution of eqn. 3:
Ez=Re {[Ae-γy
+ Be+γy
]ejωt
} [6]
where A and B are constants that fit the appropriate boundary conditions. It is not justifiable now
to set B = O in this case because the slab has medium to low loss factor value and the second
term may be of the same order as the first term in eqn.[6]. The electric field in this case does not
decay exponentially and more elaborate solutions ought to be found when y is set equal to the
slab width.
Heating in the standing wave electric field: The analysis of the semi-infinite slab has been
applied to a dielectric material placed inside a multimode oven applicator for approximate
calculations of the electric field and other parameters. This is justified only if the dielectric loss
factor is fairly high, as is the case with most foodstuffs, resulting in a rapidly decaying field. With a
medium to low loss dielectric the electric field no longer decays exponentially and more rigorous
methods of calculation should be deployed.
Power dissipation within the dielectric
It is often required to estimate the amount of power that can safely be dissipated in a dielectric
given that the effective loss factor is known. This can be obtained from considering the Poynting
vector EXH, which leads to the following expression for the power dissipated per unit volume2
:
Pv=(1/2)[σ+ωεοε”)|Ez|
2
=(1/2)σe|Ez|
2 [7]
where ω = 2πf, with f being the applied frequency in Hz, σe the effective dielectric conductivity and
Ez being given by the appropriate expressions above. The total power dissipated P in a volume V
is obtained by integration, therefore
P = ∫VpvdV [8]
In a multimode cavity applicator fitted with distributed energy sources and mode stirrers, the
electric field may be assumed to have been randomised to an approximately constant value,
resulting in a volumetric power density pv=σ eERMS
2
, where ERMS is the RMS value of the electric
field established in the processing zone. For example, for a power dissipation of 107
W/m3
and
εe″ = 0.1, the required electric field at 2450 MHz is 27 kV/m.
The effective loss factor varies as a function of the moisture content and temperature.
Such data, typically shown in Fig. 3, are very useful when assessing the type of applicator and
frequency of operation for drying or for other heating applications. For example, the response at a
frequency of 27.12 MHz is more suitable for moisture levelling than that at 2450 MHz, while the
εe″ against T response, typically of a high-temperature ceramic material, shows that there is a
high probability of thermal runaway above some critical temperature Tc.
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