In a very recent study, Heikkilä et al. (2012) focused on the phylogeny of butterflies and analysed a dataset comprised by 6165 bp from the genes used by Mutanen et al. (2010) together with 191 mainly skeletal morphological characters from all life stages. In all,24 outgroup taxa and 54 ingroup (Rhopalocera) species were included in their dataset. The results supported those of Mutanenet al. (2010) with Rhopalocera being monophyletic, but Papil-ionoidea being paraphyletic with HesperiidaeþHedylidae as the sister group of the non-papilionid Papilionoidea (Fig. 2D). All higher-level relationships received good support in at least some of the analyses. Since Heikkilä et al. (2012) included a large morphological dataset in their study, their results provided an excellent opportunity to examine morphological implications of the rearrangement of butterflies. This will be done in the next section.