Management has several universal characteris tics. Regardless of level in an organization, a managers perform the same four functions; however, the emphasis placed on and content of each function varies with the manager's position in the hierarchy. Similarly, for the most more part, the manager's job is the same regardless of the type or size of organization he or she is asyo in. The universal properties of management are found mainly in the world's English-speaking democracies, and it is therefore unwise to assume that they are universally transferable outside so-called free-market democracies