In total, 268 children (150 boys and 118 girls) were involved in
this study. Their mean age was 24.23 months (SD ¼ 0.32), their
mean body weight was 12.87 kg (SD ¼ 1.47), and their mean body
heightwas 88.69 cm (SD ¼ 6.68). Nearly all of the children (n ¼264,
98.5%) came from urban areas, and almost three in five (n ¼ 156,
58.2%) lived adjacent to a green park or agricultural field. More than
80% of the children consumed fresh fruit or vegetables daily.
Approximately 15% of the children had frequent passive smoking
exposure, but most children (approximately 60%) lived without
exposure to smoking. Nearly 40% of these children displayed
extensive hand-to-mouth contact. The majority of the mothers
(89.2%) and fathers (95.5%) had completed high school or college.
More than two-thirds of the children lived in households with
a monthly income greater than RMB 5000. We did not adjust for
para-occupation, a potential source of OP exposure, because only
one father reported performing farm work.