Empirical Selection of Antibiotic
When lumbar puncture is delayed or a Gram's stain of cerebrospinal fluid is nondiagnostic, empirical therapy is essential and should be directed to the most likely pathogens on the basis of the patient's age and underlying health status (Table 2Table 2Antibiotics Recommended for Empirical Therapy in Patients with Suspected Bacterial Meningitis Who Have a Nondiagnostic Gram's Stain of Cerebrospinal Fluid.). In most patients, we recommend therapy with a broad-spectrum cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone), supplemented with ampicillin in young infants (less than 3 months old) and older adults (more than 50 years old), in both of whom S. agalactiae and Listeria monocytogenes are more prevalent. These recommendations require modification under special circumstances. For example, in immunocompromised patients (such as those with lymphoreticular tumors and those receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy or high-dose glucocorticoid therapy), treatment should include ampicillin (for possible listeria) and a broad-spectrum cephalosporin (such as ceftazidime) that has more inclusive activity against gram-negative organisms. In patients with recent head trauma or neurosurgery and those with cerebrospinal fluid shunts, broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms should be given, such as a combination of vancomycin and ceftazidime. In patients with identifiable bacteria on Gram's staining of cerebrospinal fluid, antibiotic therapy should be directed toward the presumptive pathogen. In all patients, therapy should be modified when the results of cerebrospinal fluid culture and antibiotic-susceptibility testing become available.
เลือกผลของยาปฏิชีวนะ When lumbar puncture is delayed or a Gram's stain of cerebrospinal fluid is nondiagnostic, empirical therapy is essential and should be directed to the most likely pathogens on the basis of the patient's age and underlying health status (Table 2Table 2Antibiotics Recommended for Empirical Therapy in Patients with Suspected Bacterial Meningitis Who Have a Nondiagnostic Gram's Stain of Cerebrospinal Fluid.). In most patients, we recommend therapy with a broad-spectrum cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone), supplemented with ampicillin in young infants (less than 3 months old) and older adults (more than 50 years old), in both of whom S. agalactiae and Listeria monocytogenes are more prevalent. These recommendations require modification under special circumstances. For example, in immunocompromised patients (such as those with lymphoreticular tumors and those receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy or high-dose glucocorticoid therapy), treatment should include ampicillin (for possible listeria) and a broad-spectrum cephalosporin (such as ceftazidime) that has more inclusive activity against gram-negative organisms. In patients with recent head trauma or neurosurgery and those with cerebrospinal fluid shunts, broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms should be given, such as a combination of vancomycin and ceftazidime. In patients with identifiable bacteria on Gram's staining of cerebrospinal fluid, antibiotic therapy should be directed toward the presumptive pathogen. In all patients, therapy should be modified when the results of cerebrospinal fluid culture and antibiotic-susceptibility testing become available.
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