People organized in Nigeria against oil extraction, and the government responded brutally. The conflict escalated to "a full-blown armed insurgency, complete with bombings of oil infrastructure and government targets, rampant pipeline vandalism, ransom kidnapping of oil workers …. In the process,the original goals of the movement—to stop the ecological plunder, and take back control over the region's resource—became harder to decipher.
The movement has been propelled by expansion of fossil fuel extraction, often into hostile territory, andby the heightened risk of extraction and transportation operations