To analyze these monitoring effects,we first sort our sample firms based on the IR.We then form three groups based on the size of the IR:low IR,moderate IR and high IR.We then compute mean and median holdings in these groups for our three ownership groups.The t-statistics are used to test the mean differences between the group high initial return (H) and low initial return (L) and the Wilcoxon z-statistics are used to test differences in medians between the two groups.