One impetus is that mandated accountability requirements, particularly third grade testing, exert pressures on schools and teachers at K–2,25 who in turn look to teachers of younger children to help prepare students to demonstrate the required proficiencies later. A related factor is the growth of state-funded prekindergarten, located in schools or other community settings, which collectively serves more than a million 3- and 4-year-olds. Millions more children are in Head Start programs and child care programs that meet state prekindergarten requirements and receive state preK dollars. Head Start, serving more than 900,000 children nationwide, is now required to coordinate with the public schools at the state level.26 Title I dollars support preschool education and services for some 300,000 children. Nationally,