The definition of the “environmental” part of these costs is often troublesome. Equally for cleaner technologies, which are often more efficient in many aspects and prevent emissions at the source, as for many other costs, which often include increased efficiency or health and safety aspects, the “environmental” part can hardly be separated. In the extreme, one can say that, if a solution is 100 per cent for the “environment”, it often is actually not, because then it will most likely be an end-of-the-pipe treatment which does not solve the problem at the source but shifts it to another environmental media (e.g., from air to soil and then to water). These approaches are costly and not efficient.