Each year, 115 per 100,000 of the adult population between the ages of 50 and 99
are diagnosed with degenerative, idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) (Bower et al.
1999). The clinical signs of PD – bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural
instability (Morris et al. 1995) – worsen as the disease advances. Normal movement
timing is altered, at times slowed down or sped up, or interrupted by episodes of
freezing. The automatic flow of everyday life becomes increasingly challenging,
and people are forced to rely on conscious attention and other cognitive control
strategies to sustain the simplest of functional actions, such as rising from a chair,
walking, and turning (Smith and Batson 2010). Robbed of spontaneous expression
of normal movement, persons become habituated to increasingly smaller spheres of
activity and nonuse (Hirsch 2009). As bodily and spatial usage shrink, risk of physiological
deconditioning increases, leading to increased incidence of falling and
other health problems (Bloem et al. 2004). Interestingly, the motor program does
not appear to be ‘lost’ in early-to-middle stage PD: people can still move ‘normally’
when cued (verbally, or through visual or auditory cues). The intention to move is
Each year, 115 per 100,000 of the adult population between the ages of 50 and 99
are diagnosed with degenerative, idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) (Bower et al.
1999). The clinical signs of PD – bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural
instability (Morris et al. 1995) – worsen as the disease advances. Normal movement
timing is altered, at times slowed down or sped up, or interrupted by episodes of
freezing. The automatic flow of everyday life becomes increasingly challenging,
and people are forced to rely on conscious attention and other cognitive control
strategies to sustain the simplest of functional actions, such as rising from a chair,
walking, and turning (Smith and Batson 2010). Robbed of spontaneous expression
of normal movement, persons become habituated to increasingly smaller spheres of
activity and nonuse (Hirsch 2009). As bodily and spatial usage shrink, risk of physiological
deconditioning increases, leading to increased incidence of falling and
other health problems (Bloem et al. 2004). Interestingly, the motor program does
not appear to be ‘lost’ in early-to-middle stage PD: people can still move ‘normally’
when cued (verbally, or through visual or auditory cues). The intention to move is
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