Expected carbon bene®ts from silvicultural
plantations and avoided deforestation will have
probability density functions with dierent
shapes Plantations will have normally distributed bene®ts with low
variance. Although not indicated in this example,there may be a small probability of zero bene®t,
and also a small probability of negative bene®ts
should the project produce impacts, as by stimulating the clearing of highbiomass vegetation to
make way for plantations, or by expelling people
who clear forests elsewhere.