Female participants were recruited through local media and community weight loss clinics to take part in a study of obesity and musculoskeletal health. Exclusion criteria included malignancy or inability to understand English. Subjects ’ written consent was obtained according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was approved by the Alfred Human
Research and Ethics Committee (HREC), the Monash Standing Research Ethics Committee, the Austin Health HREC, and the University of Melbourne Central HREC