This paper is based on research supported by the Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods (WISERD), funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) (Grant Reference: RES-576-25-0021) and the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales (HEFCW). We thank Martyn Dunn of Traveline Cymru for the supply of the Common Interchange Format (CIF) files for bus timetables and routes, and Andrew Olden of the Wales Transport Research Centre for supplying bespoke software to facilitate the transfer of CIF information into ArcGIS attribute tables. We acknowledge the following data sources: ESRC/JISC Census Programme, Census Geography Data Unit(UKBORDERS), DIGIMAP, EDINA (University of Edinburgh); 2001 Census: Standard Area Statistics (England and Wales) Source: Office for National Statistics, ESRC/JISC Census Programme, Census Dissemination Unit, MIMAS (University of Manchester), and Department for Transport (NaPTAN data). However, any views or analysis conducted within the paper are those of the authors alone.