4.3. Optimal trajectory generation
In this subsection, the jerks of manipulator are
minimized by using PSO with chaos when the workspace
of the robot is collision-free. First, the mathematical
description of the trajectory optimization is
presented, then PSO is employed with chaos to search
for the optimal trajectory of each joint of the
manipulator.
In order to formulate the trajectory, the cubic splines
are applied to each joint to interpolate the joint trajectory
between every two neighbor knot points (Piazzi
and Visioli 2000). The trajectory in the j-th time interval
of the n-th joint is expressed as