clean and renewable. Moreover, the energy yield of hydrogen is
122 kJ/g which is 2.75 times higher than the fossil fuel (Abbasi
and Abbasi, 2011). Biological hydrogen production has attracted
considerable attention since it could deal with the conversion of
low cost residues or organic waste/wastewater to hydrogen
(Show et al., 2012; Van-Ginkel et al., 2005). Generally, biological
hydrogen production can be divided into two categories:
photosynthesis and dark fermentation (Han et al., 2015b). Dark
fermentation is seemed to be a more feasible biotechnology for
hydrogen production than the photosynthesis due to less energy
consumption and no light limitation (Tawfik et al., 2011).
However, low hydrogen production rate and high cost are the