An organization has a physical presence that extends in space and time Its physical geography contains all those points in space where the organization conducts its business, including not only the locations of facilities owned or operated by the organization, but also locations in which they carry out their business, such as the facilities of partners, customers, suppliers, or other stakeholders.
If you superimpose the physical reach of an organization's activities on a map of the world, like airlines do with their route maps (see Figure 7.1), it will reveal a rough approximation of the territorial extent of that organization's physical geography. Of course if the organization you are interested in is NASA, or the China National Space Administration, you will need a bigger map!
Mapping an organization's territorial extent raises the question of scale. NASA and Chian National Space Administration deal with their physical organization on an interplanetary and sometimes an intergalactic scale, while most other organizations operate only on a local, regional, or global scale. Cities, neighborhoods, buildings, offices, and human bodies offer other scales on which you can imagine and describe the physical structure of organization, each bringing particular concerns into view. For example, if you are interested in geography at the scale of office buildings, office layout will become important.
By measuring territorial extent on any scale, you can examine relationships between physical structure and other aspects of organizing. For example, you will quickly confirm Einstein's theory that space and time are interrelated. Holding all else constant, the more widely an organization's activities are distributed in space, the more time organizational members will devote to travel. The challenges of communicating and coordinating across time zone, providing support during a crisis, exposure to different cultural influences, and disorientation are but a few socio-cultural effects organizations experience with expansive geographies. However, bear in mind that relationships between space and time can be altered by technology; time-space compression has followed innovations in electronic communication and improvements in transportation.
Issues of logistics related to territorial extent are of particular concern for organizations that deal in physical materials and products. These concerns include : access to various modes of transportation (domestic and international airports, waterways.etc.), distance to markets (including labor, supply, and consumer markets), and the speed and costs of communication, coordination, transportation, and travel. You will want to analyze the logistical implications of an organization's territorial extent in relation to all the connections you identify in a resource dependence analysis, and think abort how geographical location can be used strategically to manage them. For example, locating near influential stakeholders like customers, regulatory agencies, funding institutions, or universities engaged in relevant basic research offers organizations advantages in terms of managing critical dependencies.
In addition to mapping and analyzing the numerous implications of an organization's geographic distribution you will want to consider pertinent geographic features of its locations. In 3.4 we referred to these as the physical sector of the environment. Be sure to consider the features of both physical geography-climate, terrain, and natural resources and human geography, such as population density, industrialization, urbanization, and the presence (or absence) of different races or ethnic minorities. Features of geography can affect many aspects of organizing.
Take employee recruiting as just one example Proximity to lake, mountains, or an ocean, or to the varied attractions of a large urban center, influences the lifestyles of organizational members so the attractiveness of an organization's location will help or hinder it in hiring the employees it most desires. Compare the lifestyles of employees living in Madrid, Johannesburg, Moscow, Sao Paulo, San Francisco, and Beijing, or compare any of these to what rural locations far from any large metropolitan or industrialized areas have to offer. As you can see with recruiting, the effects of organizational geography percolate throughout organizations. For marketing and corporate communication, the features of an organization's geography can affect corporate image, reputation, and organizational identity. For instance, consider the importance of a Wall Street address for an investment firm operating in New York, or a City address for one in London.
That geography combines instrumental and symbolic effects offers just one of many points of contact between the modern and symbolic perspectives as they mingle within the conceptual domain of physical structure. Geographers distinguish these perspectives by differentiating space and place. The more instrumental concerns of space (e.g., distances and their logistical effects) contrast with those of place, which involve experiences of and interpretations given to regions of space. You can use the theater metaphor to think of place as a stage on which life's drama unfolds; like the theatrical stage, place provides more than a spatial backdrop for action, it becomes a character in the play.
Most people have strong reactions to familiar place images. To feel this effect watch a film that shows a place where you have lived or visited. Emotional and aesthetic associations with physical spaces or locations produce the symbolic sense of place that makes them meaningful. Combining the physicality of space with the meaning of place makes physical structures and their prominent features into symbols in the same way that other artifacts infused with meaning become symbols.
From the symbolic perspective the artifactual aspects of physical structure become hard to distinguish from culture, while the modern perspective implicates physical structure in social structure and technology. You can see all of these connecting points in layout and landscaping, where you will also find a link to power and the postmodern perspective.
An organization has a physical presence that extends in space and time Its physical geography contains all those points in space where the organization conducts its business, including not only the locations of facilities owned or operated by the organization, but also locations in which they carry out their business, such as the facilities of partners, customers, suppliers, or other stakeholders.
If you superimpose the physical reach of an organization's activities on a map of the world, like airlines do with their route maps (see Figure 7.1), it will reveal a rough approximation of the territorial extent of that organization's physical geography. Of course if the organization you are interested in is NASA, or the China National Space Administration, you will need a bigger map!
Mapping an organization's territorial extent raises the question of scale. NASA and Chian National Space Administration deal with their physical organization on an interplanetary and sometimes an intergalactic scale, while most other organizations operate only on a local, regional, or global scale. Cities, neighborhoods, buildings, offices, and human bodies offer other scales on which you can imagine and describe the physical structure of organization, each bringing particular concerns into view. For example, if you are interested in geography at the scale of office buildings, office layout will become important.
By measuring territorial extent on any scale, you can examine relationships between physical structure and other aspects of organizing. For example, you will quickly confirm Einstein's theory that space and time are interrelated. Holding all else constant, the more widely an organization's activities are distributed in space, the more time organizational members will devote to travel. The challenges of communicating and coordinating across time zone, providing support during a crisis, exposure to different cultural influences, and disorientation are but a few socio-cultural effects organizations experience with expansive geographies. However, bear in mind that relationships between space and time can be altered by technology; time-space compression has followed innovations in electronic communication and improvements in transportation.
Issues of logistics related to territorial extent are of particular concern for organizations that deal in physical materials and products. These concerns include : access to various modes of transportation (domestic and international airports, waterways.etc.), distance to markets (including labor, supply, and consumer markets), and the speed and costs of communication, coordination, transportation, and travel. You will want to analyze the logistical implications of an organization's territorial extent in relation to all the connections you identify in a resource dependence analysis, and think abort how geographical location can be used strategically to manage them. For example, locating near influential stakeholders like customers, regulatory agencies, funding institutions, or universities engaged in relevant basic research offers organizations advantages in terms of managing critical dependencies.
In addition to mapping and analyzing the numerous implications of an organization's geographic distribution you will want to consider pertinent geographic features of its locations. In 3.4 we referred to these as the physical sector of the environment. Be sure to consider the features of both physical geography-climate, terrain, and natural resources and human geography, such as population density, industrialization, urbanization, and the presence (or absence) of different races or ethnic minorities. Features of geography can affect many aspects of organizing.
Take employee recruiting as just one example Proximity to lake, mountains, or an ocean, or to the varied attractions of a large urban center, influences the lifestyles of organizational members so the attractiveness of an organization's location will help or hinder it in hiring the employees it most desires. Compare the lifestyles of employees living in Madrid, Johannesburg, Moscow, Sao Paulo, San Francisco, and Beijing, or compare any of these to what rural locations far from any large metropolitan or industrialized areas have to offer. As you can see with recruiting, the effects of organizational geography percolate throughout organizations. For marketing and corporate communication, the features of an organization's geography can affect corporate image, reputation, and organizational identity. For instance, consider the importance of a Wall Street address for an investment firm operating in New York, or a City address for one in London.
That geography combines instrumental and symbolic effects offers just one of many points of contact between the modern and symbolic perspectives as they mingle within the conceptual domain of physical structure. Geographers distinguish these perspectives by differentiating space and place. The more instrumental concerns of space (e.g., distances and their logistical effects) contrast with those of place, which involve experiences of and interpretations given to regions of space. You can use the theater metaphor to think of place as a stage on which life's drama unfolds; like the theatrical stage, place provides more than a spatial backdrop for action, it becomes a character in the play.
Most people have strong reactions to familiar place images. To feel this effect watch a film that shows a place where you have lived or visited. Emotional and aesthetic associations with physical spaces or locations produce the symbolic sense of place that makes them meaningful. Combining the physicality of space with the meaning of place makes physical structures and their prominent features into symbols in the same way that other artifacts infused with meaning become symbols.
From the symbolic perspective the artifactual aspects of physical structure become hard to distinguish from culture, while the modern perspective implicates physical structure in social structure and technology. You can see all of these connecting points in layout and landscaping, where you will also find a link to power and the postmodern perspective.
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