Fig. 1. Mean (±SEM) bird abundance of each plot (30 60 m) from forest edge to forest interior in beech-dominated and tree-species rich forest stands: (a) total bird
abundance; (b) tree breeder abundance; (c) shrub breeder abundance; and (d) ground breeder abundance. Although distance of bird survey plots was used as a continuous
variable in mixed effects models, barplots are used here for a better presentation of results.