The surface morphology of the ginger powders (control, pretreated and spent after extraction) were separately evaluated using scanning electron microscope (JSM- 6380LA, JEOL, Japan). The samples were sputter-coated with platinum (JFC 1600 auto fine coater, JEOL, Japan) prior to observations. Micrographs were obtained using SEM (Camera SU 30 microscope, JEOL, Japan) at different magnifications.