percent of farmers employed caretakers who worked on their farms
but also engaged in deterring wildlife. Noise was reported to be
most effective in 66% of the cases, followed by fire at 12%. However, fire could not be used throughout the rainy season when
most crop-raids occurred. Only 8% of farmers who applied prevention measures reported that nothing helped sufficiently against
crop-raiding wildlife. Forty percent of all farmers invested money
in prevention measures, mainly for bamboo guns to make noise
or for setting heavily smoking fires. Despite these measures, they
still experienced significantly higher losses in cocoa than the other
60% who did not invest money in prevention measures (t = 3,843,
df = 64,551, P < 0,001; Fig. 4b)