As a versatile method enabling identification of microbial species and their visual-
ization on the surface examined [21], FISH has found wide acceptance in many differ-
ent fields. A common use of FISH is in research on the morphology of biofilms grow-
ing on surfaces of contact with natural water, tap water and wastewater. Another major
use where FISH is applicable includes observations of membrane biofouling in micro-
filtration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis installations. Serious problems arise when
the biofilm develops on the internal walls of plastic water pipes that are widely used in
distribution systems [22]. Rapid identification of the microbes colonizing the biofilm
offers the possibility for an effective control of their growth. FISH has successfully
been applied for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum, as well as for the identifi-
cation of viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and oocytes in water [23]. Com-
bined with flow cytometry, FISH enables the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum
oocytes in samples with low bacterial counts.
FISH-based methods have revolutionized investigations into the morphology and mi-
crobial composition of activated sludge. They enable the following bacteria to be mapped
into the structures of activated sludge flocs and granules: AOB (ammonium-oxidizing
bacteria) and NOB (nitrite-oxidizing bacteria) [24, 25], denitrifying bacteria [8] and phos-
phorus-accumulating bacteria [26]. All of these bacteria have their characteristic colours,
but extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) fail to display a specific pigmentation.
As a versatile method enabling identification of microbial species and their visual-ization on the surface examined [21], FISH has found wide acceptance in many differ-ent fields. A common use of FISH is in research on the morphology of biofilms grow-ing on surfaces of contact with natural water, tap water and wastewater. Another major use where FISH is applicable includes observations of membrane biofouling in micro-filtration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis installations. Serious problems arise when the biofilm develops on the internal walls of plastic water pipes that are widely used in distribution systems [22]. Rapid identification of the microbes colonizing the biofilm offers the possibility for an effective control of their growth. FISH has successfully been applied for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum, as well as for the identifi-cation of viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and oocytes in water [23]. Com-bined with flow cytometry, FISH enables the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocytes in samples with low bacterial counts. FISH-based methods have revolutionized investigations into the morphology and mi-crobial composition of activated sludge. They enable the following bacteria to be mapped into the structures of activated sludge flocs and granules: AOB (ammonium-oxidizing bacteria) and NOB (nitrite-oxidizing bacteria) [24, 25], denitrifying bacteria [8] and phos-phorus-accumulating bacteria [26]. All of these bacteria have their characteristic colours,
but extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) fail to display a specific pigmentation.
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