Motor control and motor skills variables. Before testing in-hand manipulation, the subject was asked to draw a happy face and to print his or her name. The hand selected to draw the happy face was determined to be the subject's preferred hand, and that hand was used in completing the in-hand manipulation tests rotation and translation. In the rotation test, the subject prehended a 1-in. peg from a pegboard, rotated it 1800 in his or her fingertips, and returned it to its peghole. I have used this testing procedure, modeled from the work of Exner (1992) and Pehoski (1994), in a series of studies (Case-Smith, 1991, 1993, 1995). Two timed scores were obtained for the subject after turning five pegs with the preferred hand. The test was given twice; times were added to provide a summary score. The number of times the subject dropped or stabilized the peg on another surface was also totaled into a "drop" score.