For the synthesis of FAMEs, a 20% (w/w) Novozyme 435 was used based on the amount of extracted lipid in 10 mL of reaction mixture for 6 h at 60 °C. Samples were periodically taken and filtered using syringe filters (porosity 0.20 lm, hydrophobic) in order to remove reaction residues and lipase. These samples were then analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) to determine the degree of FAME conversion.