Materials and Methods
1. Ethics Statement
The Congolese Wildlife Authority (Institut Congolais pour la
Conservation de la Nature, ICCN) issued permits to the TL2
(Tshuapa, Lomami, and Lualaba) Project for all sites where
biological samples and field observations were made. The ICCN is
the governmental authority that has jurisdiction over the wildlife of
this territory. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
(IACUC) approval was not required for the noninvasive behavioral
observations and biological samples of wild monkeys used in
this study. IACUC protocols were followed for the collection of
one skin snip specimen from a captive monkey. For the specimens
collected from hunted animals, we obtained approval from the
hunters to use these samples and no animal was hunted for the
purpose of research. We acquired specimens only opportunistically
in villages outside of the forest and we did not request samples
from all lesula available to avoid targeting this species. When we
encountered captive monkeys in villages, we photographed them
with permission from the owner. We advised owners on the
monkeys’ care and discouraged owners to acquire wild animals as
captives. All the necessary exportation and importation permits
were acquired by CITES, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services.
Materials and Methods1. Ethics StatementThe Congolese Wildlife Authority (Institut Congolais pour laConservation de la Nature, ICCN) issued permits to the TL2(Tshuapa, Lomami, and Lualaba) Project for all sites wherebiological samples and field observations were made. The ICCN isthe governmental authority that has jurisdiction over the wildlife ofthis territory. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees(IACUC) approval was not required for the noninvasive behavioralobservations and biological samples of wild monkeys used inthis study. IACUC protocols were followed for the collection ofone skin snip specimen from a captive monkey. For the specimenscollected from hunted animals, we obtained approval from thehunters to use these samples and no animal was hunted for thepurpose of research. We acquired specimens only opportunisticallyin villages outside of the forest and we did not request samplesfrom all lesula available to avoid targeting this species. When weencountered captive monkeys in villages, we photographed themwith permission from the owner. We advised owners on themonkeys’ care and discouraged owners to acquire wild animals ascaptives. All the necessary exportation and importation permitswere acquired by CITES, Centers for Disease Control andPrevention and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services.
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