If immigrants do bring children then m > 1 and the final term [B c(1 + n)
2
]9
(1 + m)/(1 + n) also matters. Immigrant children raise population growth rates and
therefore ameliorate or worsen long-run public finances just as an increase in native
population growth would do. The higher the immigrant birth rate relative to that
among natives, the more this aspect of the impact is accentuated, improving public
finances if pension payments exceed education costs and worsening them otherwise.