Three types of conÞscation can be distinguished according to the relation
between the property at stake and the acts for which conÞscation is being
pronounced. ConÞscation of the instrumentalities of crime (instrumentum
sceleris) relates to the instruments that were used in the perpetration of
the crime (e.g. the knife used for a murder). ConÞscation of the objectum
sceleris concerns the subject of crime, that is, the goods subjected to the
criminal behaviour (e.g. a falsiÞed passport). The most recent type of con-
Þscation relates to the proceeds from crime, that is the Þnancial gains
obtained through criminal activities, sometimes referred to as the fructum
sceleris or the productum sceleris.