A key feature of the reproduction of the Japanese macaque is the consortship . This association between a male and a female Japanese macaque is characterized by a pair mating, feeding, resting, and traveling together, and lasts an average of 1.6 days during mating season (Huffman 1992). Over the course of a mating season, Japanese macaque females were observed to enter consortships with over 4 different males on average (Gouzoules & Goy 1983). Typically there is a correlation between male rank and consort duration, with higher-ranking males remaining in consortships longer than lower-ranking males (Huffman 1992). Higher-ranking males will interfere in the consortships of lower-ranking males in an attempt to disrupt them (Perloe 1992).
Females attempt to mate with males of all ranks, but are more likely to actually mate with higher ranking males due to their ability to mate-guard and aggressively prevent mating with lower-ranking males (Soltis 1999). Ultimately, it is the female who makes the decision as to whether or not mating will occur (Huffman 1991b). There is some ambiguity as to whether or not an ultimate correlation exists between male dominance rank and ultimate reproductive success, but male dominance rank does not ensure mating opportunities with receptive females (Fooden & Aimi 2005). In addition, females will typically mate with more than one male during an estrus season (Matsubara & Sprague 2004). Finally, a significant number of copulations by females are with non-troop males who enter the troop during mating season and then depart after the season (Sprague 1991).
Macaca fuscata
Photo: Frans de Waal
Same-sex mounting is seen among female Japanese macaques. This behavior appears to be hormone-linked and represents a greater number of mounting postures than seen in male mounting behavior (O'Neill et al. 2004; Vasey et al. 2006). Both male and female autosexual behavior has been observed (Fooden & Aimi 2005).
Presenting behavior can include several signals including looking backward over a shoulder, remaining very still, or walking backwards towards the potential partner (Hanby & Brown 1974). The most typical copulatory position is a posterior mount with both of the male's feet clasping the legs of the female (Hanby et al. 1971). Copulation occurs both arboreally and terrestrially (Yotsumoto 1976). Two types of female reproductive vocalization are typical. The first is a "smooth-late-high coo", or "squawk" or "squeak" uttered before copulation, possibly to solicit mating. The second is an atonal "cackle" uttered during copulation. Male Japanese macaques do not emit copulatory vocalizations (Oda & Masataka 1992).
Reproduction in Japanese macaques is seasonal, but its exact timing varies with locality and group. Within each group of macaques however, the birth season is discrete and occurs between March and September across the species' range (Kawai et al. 1967). The mating season lasts between four and five months and ranges between September and April (Kawai et al. 1967). Differences in birth season between different groups across the Japanese macaque range are correlated with the latitude of the habitat (Kawai et al. 1967). This does not mean, however, that nearby troops will exhibit the same birth season as two troops located near to each other exhibited a two-month difference in average birth date (Fooden & Aimi 2003).
In females, estrus usually is first seen around 3.5 years of age. Male mounting behavior can occur as early as 1.5 years but ejaculation among males is first seen later, at 4.5 years of age (Takahata 1980). Average age at male emigration from his natal troop is 5 years (Sprague et al. 1998). The female estrus cycle averages 27.1 days during the mating season but becomes irregular or might not occur at all during the non-mating season (Nigi 1975; Fooden & Aimi 2005). Gestation averages 5.64 months (171.7 days) (Fooden & Aimi 2005).
Discrete morphological color changes occur in both male and female Japanese macaques during mating season. In the males, the face and genitalia turn deep red and the tail will stand erect, exposing the bright genitals (Wolfe 1979). Female Japanese macaques exhibit similar morphological changes during estrus with their faces and anogenital regions turning scarlet red (Wolfe 1979).
A key feature of the reproduction of the Japanese macaque is the consortship . This association between a male and a female Japanese macaque is characterized by a pair mating, feeding, resting, and traveling together, and lasts an average of 1.6 days during mating season (Huffman 1992). Over the course of a mating season, Japanese macaque females were observed to enter consortships with over 4 different males on average (Gouzoules & Goy 1983). Typically there is a correlation between male rank and consort duration, with higher-ranking males remaining in consortships longer than lower-ranking males (Huffman 1992). Higher-ranking males will interfere in the consortships of lower-ranking males in an attempt to disrupt them (Perloe 1992).
Females attempt to mate with males of all ranks, but are more likely to actually mate with higher ranking males due to their ability to mate-guard and aggressively prevent mating with lower-ranking males (Soltis 1999). Ultimately, it is the female who makes the decision as to whether or not mating will occur (Huffman 1991b). There is some ambiguity as to whether or not an ultimate correlation exists between male dominance rank and ultimate reproductive success, but male dominance rank does not ensure mating opportunities with receptive females (Fooden & Aimi 2005). In addition, females will typically mate with more than one male during an estrus season (Matsubara & Sprague 2004). Finally, a significant number of copulations by females are with non-troop males who enter the troop during mating season and then depart after the season (Sprague 1991).
Macaca fuscata
Photo: Frans de Waal
Same-sex mounting is seen among female Japanese macaques. This behavior appears to be hormone-linked and represents a greater number of mounting postures than seen in male mounting behavior (O'Neill et al. 2004; Vasey et al. 2006). Both male and female autosexual behavior has been observed (Fooden & Aimi 2005).
Presenting behavior can include several signals including looking backward over a shoulder, remaining very still, or walking backwards towards the potential partner (Hanby & Brown 1974). The most typical copulatory position is a posterior mount with both of the male's feet clasping the legs of the female (Hanby et al. 1971). Copulation occurs both arboreally and terrestrially (Yotsumoto 1976). Two types of female reproductive vocalization are typical. The first is a "smooth-late-high coo", or "squawk" or "squeak" uttered before copulation, possibly to solicit mating. The second is an atonal "cackle" uttered during copulation. Male Japanese macaques do not emit copulatory vocalizations (Oda & Masataka 1992).
Reproduction in Japanese macaques is seasonal, but its exact timing varies with locality and group. Within each group of macaques however, the birth season is discrete and occurs between March and September across the species' range (Kawai et al. 1967). The mating season lasts between four and five months and ranges between September and April (Kawai et al. 1967). Differences in birth season between different groups across the Japanese macaque range are correlated with the latitude of the habitat (Kawai et al. 1967). This does not mean, however, that nearby troops will exhibit the same birth season as two troops located near to each other exhibited a two-month difference in average birth date (Fooden & Aimi 2003).
In females, estrus usually is first seen around 3.5 years of age. Male mounting behavior can occur as early as 1.5 years but ejaculation among males is first seen later, at 4.5 years of age (Takahata 1980). Average age at male emigration from his natal troop is 5 years (Sprague et al. 1998). The female estrus cycle averages 27.1 days during the mating season but becomes irregular or might not occur at all during the non-mating season (Nigi 1975; Fooden & Aimi 2005). Gestation averages 5.64 months (171.7 days) (Fooden & Aimi 2005).
Discrete morphological color changes occur in both male and female Japanese macaques during mating season. In the males, the face and genitalia turn deep red and the tail will stand erect, exposing the bright genitals (Wolfe 1979). Female Japanese macaques exhibit similar morphological changes during estrus with their faces and anogenital regions turning scarlet red (Wolfe 1979).
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