Surface morphology of the TCF, CF, and TiO2 powderwas studied
by scanning electron microscope (SEM), a field emission Hitachi S-
4500 SEM operated at 15 kV. This SEM is equipped with energy
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to examine the elemental
composition in the investigated samples. Small pieces of the prepared
photocatalyst were peeled off from the glass plate and stuck
on stubs using double-sided tape. Before the samples were analysed,
they were sputtered with a layer of gold film to prevent the
occurrence of charging effect. Whereas, the phase composition of
the prepared photocatalystwas studied using the powder and plate
XRD technique. The patterns were recorded on a Shimadzu X-ray
Diffractometer (XRD-6000) using Cu Ka radiation. Diffraction patterns
were taken over the 2q range 5e60.