Overview
The current review will focus on the reasoning and thinking skills involved in students’
scientific inquiry, such as hypothesis generation, experimental design, evidence evaluation
and drawing inferences. Klahr’s (2000; 2005a; Klahr & Dunbar, 1988) Scientific Discovery
as Dual Search (SDDS) model will serve as the general framework for organizing the main
empirical findings to be discussed. The SDDS framework captures the complexity and the
cyclical nature of the process of scientific discovery (see Klahr, 2000; for a detailed discussion).
Thus one can use the top level categories of the model to organize the extensive literature
on scientiWc reasoning by focusing on the three major cognitive components of
scientific discovery: Searching for hypotheses, searching for experiments (i.e., data or evidence
from experiments or investigations more generally), and evidence evaluation. The
studies to be reviewed involve one or more of these three processes.
The review of the literature will include (a) research on experimentation skills; (b)
research on evidence evaluation skills; and (c) research that takes an integrated approach.
In these integrative investigations, participants actively engage in all aspects of the scientific
discovery process so that researchers can track the development of conceptual knowledge
and reasoning strategies. Such studies typically include methodologies in which
participants engage in either partially guided or self-directed experimentation for either a
single session or over the course of several weeks. Studies that focus specifically on conceptual
development in various scientific domains (e.g., physics, biology) will not be discussed
here.2
In the Wnal section of the paper, I will provide a general summary and highlight the consistent
Wndings and limitations of the body of work that addresses the dual purposes of
understanding cognitive development and the application of such knowledge to the
improvement of formal and informal educational settings.
Overview
The current review will focus on the reasoning and thinking skills involved in students’
scientific inquiry, such as hypothesis generation, experimental design, evidence evaluation
and drawing inferences. Klahr’s (2000; 2005a; Klahr & Dunbar, 1988) Scientific Discovery
as Dual Search (SDDS) model will serve as the general framework for organizing the main
empirical findings to be discussed. The SDDS framework captures the complexity and the
cyclical nature of the process of scientific discovery (see Klahr, 2000; for a detailed discussion).
Thus one can use the top level categories of the model to organize the extensive literature
on scientiWc reasoning by focusing on the three major cognitive components of
scientific discovery: Searching for hypotheses, searching for experiments (i.e., data or evidence
from experiments or investigations more generally), and evidence evaluation. The
studies to be reviewed involve one or more of these three processes.
The review of the literature will include (a) research on experimentation skills; (b)
research on evidence evaluation skills; and (c) research that takes an integrated approach.
In these integrative investigations, participants actively engage in all aspects of the scientific
discovery process so that researchers can track the development of conceptual knowledge
and reasoning strategies. Such studies typically include methodologies in which
participants engage in either partially guided or self-directed experimentation for either a
single session or over the course of several weeks. Studies that focus specifically on conceptual
development in various scientific domains (e.g., physics, biology) will not be discussed
here.2
In the Wnal section of the paper, I will provide a general summary and highlight the consistent
Wndings and limitations of the body of work that addresses the dual purposes of
understanding cognitive development and the application of such knowledge to the
improvement of formal and informal educational settings.
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